Monday 4 January 2016

The main problems of canonical quantum cosmology are the following

The main problems of canonical quantum cosmology are the following:
The singularity. The Wheeler-DeWitt equation does not remove the singularity, although in some cases the solutions avoid the singularity due to the effective potential as we have seen. In short, canonical quantum gravity is not well defined. The models of canonical quantum cosmology do only apply on a semiclassical approximation and there is no way to make predictions about the dynamics of the singularity.
Decoherence. If the wavefunction of the universe is a linear combination of basic states, then these can interfere with each other. However, we observe a classical universe without interference on the macrocospic world. This requires of a mechanism to allow for decoherence of the wavefunction of the universe.
The problem of time. This is more a general problem in the canonical approach of quantum gravity, but its implications are important in cosmology. The Hamiltonian constraint indicates that the theory does not have a predefined notion of time. Reparametrizations of the time evolution are gauge transformations without physical content. To single out the real time evolution of the universe one has to fix a specific gauge. This breaks the original symmetry of the classical equations under diffeomorphisms and, moreover, different choices of different time variables lead to different quantum theories. The question that arises is related to the next issue: are we allowed to select the scale factor as a parameter that scans time evolution already in the quantum regime?
The minisuperspace approximation. The minisuperspace approximation does fix simultaneously canonically conjugate variables violating the uncertainty principle (due to symmetry the dynamic variable and its conjugate momentum are both zero). It leaves the scale factor as the single degree of freedom in the models. Although our universe is currently homogenous and isotropic, this assumption need not to be valid at the beginning. Note that the inflationary phase, already in the classical regime, might have created homogeneity out of an inhomogeneous and random initial state.
Inhomogeneities. There exist models that describe inhomogeneities, but they are poorly understood.
Initial conditions. Initial conditions that are imposed to the universe cannot be derived from any principle and become the same status than fundamental laws. Bryce DeWitt envisioned a theory in which the requirement of mathematical consistency should be sufficient to guarantee a unique solution to the Wheeler-deWitt equation. However, this cannot be realized in canonical quatum cosmology.
Formalism. The theory has diverse mathematical and consistency problems, like factor ordering and other ambiguities, and the definition of a proper notion of probabilites in a single universe.
Nevertheless, one would expect that some aspects of the mentioned canonical quantum cosmology models should be present in a complete and consistent model of quantum cosmology. There is no clear reason to expect the description of the origin of the universe beyond the singularity to be correct, but the calculations for transition probabilities and set-up of inflation near the classical regime may be a good approximation to reality.
(Sharing Credits with Herr von Bradford)

Cosmic Seeding

Most of the universe's heavy elements, including the iron central to life itself, formed early in cosmic history and spread throughout the universe, according to a new study of the Perseus Galaxy Cluster using Japan's Suzaku satellite.
Suzaku study points to early cosmic 'seeding': http://phy.so/302434001


(Phys.org) —Most of the universe's heavy elements, including the iron central to life itself, formed early in cosmic history and spread throughout the universe, according to a new study of the Perseus Galaxy Cluster using Japan's Suzaku satellite.

Graviton

I have been refreshing myself on quantum gravity, renormalization and the concept of gravitons being experimentally confirmed all morning. This is an interesting article I found on how physicist could find the highly theoretical particle called the graviton. They could use a particle accelerator to create a proton antiproton collision. This collision would result into gravitons decaying into standard model particles.

I have been refreshing myself on quantum gravity, renormalization and the concept of gravitons being experimentally confirmed all morning. This is an interesting article I found on how physicist could find the highly theoretical particle called the graviton. They could use a particle accelerator to create a proton antiproton collision. This collision would result into gravitons decaying into standard model particles. http://www-d0.fnal.gov/Run2Physics/WWW/results/final/NP/N05C/N05C.html

Quantum Tunneling

Quantum Tunneling: A World Stranger Than Science Fiction Think for a moment about a ball rolling up a hill. If you don’t push hard enough, then it will not roll over the hill. This makes sense classically. However, in quantum mechanics, an object does not behave like a classical object (such as ball, or you, or I, or any matter in the universe does). Learn about the strange world we live in at:

Sunday 3 January 2016

Scientists reveal cosmic roadmap to galactic magnetic field

Scientists reveal cosmic roadmap to galactic magnetic field: http://phy.so/311514082
Scientists on NASA's Interstellar Boundary Explorer (IBEX) mission, including a team leader from the University of New Hampshire, report that recent, independent measurements have validated one of the mission's signature findings—a mysterious "ribbon" of energy and particles at the edge of our solar system that appears to be a directional "roadmap in the sky" of the local interstellar magnetic field.

Nuclear-atomic overlap for the isotope thorium-229

Nuclear-atomic overlap for the isotope thorium-229: http://phy.so/311851967
More than 99.9% of the mass of any atom is concentrated into a quadrillionth of its volume, the part occupied by the nucleus. Unimaginably small, dense and energetic, atomic nuclei are governed by laws quite distinct from those that regulate atomic electrons, which constitute the outer part of atoms and which are immediately responsible for light, chemistry and thus life. Yet there are sporadic regions of contact between these disparate realms. JQI Adjunct Fellow Marianna Safronova and her collaborators (1) have been exploring one area of nuclear-atomic overlap for the isotope thorium-229. This isotope is a candidate for a new type of atomic clock and quantum information processor.